Kinship

 Everybody know that there is strong relation between humans. Especially in our society people give more importance to human relations. Kinship is not only limited to the blood. "It sense of being related to another person or persons". So kinship includes friendship, marriage or adopted etc. For instance when a man marries his wife's sister become his sister. Descent means that each family members are related to other members. And descent comes like a chain from past to present with relationships. There are two form of descent. Bilineal and unilineal descent. In unilineal descent dominate one side. Male is important person patrilineal descent. In many countries people see male domination. Such as South Asia, East Asia, New Guinea. On the other hand matrilineal descent, mother or daughter or other female member dominate than the male person. It exists only 15 percent in the world. Such as Native North American groups, Pasific, Australia. Bilineal group has equal rights of both sides. Especially this form is seen foraging and industrial/informatic groups. Other situation is marriage. "Marriage is a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both parents". According to definition it occurs with diffrent sex marriage. However sometimes this events can change. Same sex start to marry legally in some countries. Such as Denmark, Norway, Holland. Nowadays, the concept of family change with some revolutions. So nuclear household emerged. In thıs family there are mother, father and one or two child. On the whole, people are always interacting with each other. There is no blood relation but they can be close friend or kin. There are some changes. Nevertheless people still give importance to kinship.

Diseases

People use different treatment methods for diseases since ancient times. And this methods change from culture to culture, age to age. Every culture has specieal diseases and treatment. For instance people sometimes benefit from magical ways. It means that healing. Especially poor countries use healing. Because this method is both practical and cheap and easy way. However it is not certain solution. And if people use wrong shape it can happens bigger than the other problem. For example I saw video one man has headache and he wants to treat. Another man hit man's head. Because of strong hitting not only hurting himself but also damaging his brain. Thus I think that traditional methods sometimes is not healthy for human body. On the other hand when we are flu our mother prepare lime before going to the doctor. Now people start to use scientific ways. They prefer to go to doctor and start to use drug.

Reproduction, Fertility

         Reproduction, fertility change from country to country and time. It is about state's policy. There are 3 modes of reproduction. The foraging mode of reproduction, the agricultural mode of reproduction and the industrial/informatic mode of reproduction. First, the foraging mode of reproduction, people's eating habits start to change some issues. People make diet and exercise. The agricultural mode of reproduction, people apply pronatalism policy. Families are encoureged to birth by government. Especially this situation make small and agricultural place. Because they need labor force. However states begin to make family planing for birth rate. Some countries have high birth rate but they have low agricultural productivity. On the other hand some countries have low birth rate and they have high agricultural productivity. States start to make corrections and changes for birth rate. The industrial/informatic mode of reproduction, Birth policy are changed with developed industry. People want to few children. Therefore nuclear family concept ocur with this stuation. Family planing depends on states of economic, politic and population ratio. If country is a crowded they want to few children. such as China. on the other hand if country has many old people and they need labor force, thus they apply many children policy. Government control to state's birth rate. Abortion rate increases for this reason. Nevertheless religion has a crucial effect on abortion. Therefore some countries do not allow abortion. People living conditions to get better with developed technology. People start to have more comfortable life for growing children. It happens more informed and educated people. And then states formed according to this situation.  

        Last week we talked about economic systems. And I will mention again this topic. Economic system can be seen in every part of human life by people. These are livelihood, consumption and exchange.   Since ancient times people try to get along with several ways or resources. Especially they utilize from nature. And there are 5 parts of modes of livelihood. Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture and industrialism and the information age. In foraging, I think that these steps are more primitive. And it develops day by day. Horticulture, handmade tools are produced by people. Pastoralim, people start to be interested in animals. Especially it involves milk and milk products. Agriculture, poeple growth crops. And women play major role in agriculture. All family members are interested in farms. In the beginning people used with more primitive methods and nowadays these methods are improved by people. Industrialism and the information age, this time people start to use electronic tools. And people's life standards get better than other times. And they tend to other sector from agriculture. Modes of consumption, consumption comes from human nature and it is a normal phenomenon. People always consume many things. Food, clothes, shelter. Whether they need or not people consume. Especially this situation increases with industrialism. I think that it calls consumption frenzy. Modes of exchange. Materials are transferred between two or more people. Summary, when globalization movements started people's economic activity start to change. Because people are affected by western.